Ososayensi babamba amafu ukuze basindise i-Great Barrier Reef

Kube yihlobo elishisayo e-Australia kanti amakhorali aku-Great Barrier Reef akhombisa izimpawu zakuqala zokucindezeleka.Iziphathimandla eziphethe uhlelo olukhulu kunazo zonke lwezixhobo zamakhorali emhlabeni zilindele omunye umcimbi wokufiphala emasontweni azayo - uma lokho kwenzeka, kungaba yisikhathi sesithupha kusukela lapho. 1998 ukuthi ukunyuka kwamazinga okushisa kwamanzi kuye kwaqothula inqwaba yamakhorali ahlala izilwane zasolwandle ezingenakubalwa.isilwane.Ezintathu zalezi zenzakalo zokuba mhlophe ezenza amakhorali atholakale kalula ezifweni nasekufeni zenzekile eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule iyodwa.Lapho amakhorali ehlangabezana nokweqisa futhi ukucindezeleka kokushisa okuhlala isikhathi eside, baxosha ulwelwe oluhlala ezicutshini zabo bese luphenduka lube mhlophe ngokuphelele.Lokhu kungase kube nemiphumela elimazayo ezinkulungwaneni zezinhlobo zezinhlanzi, izinkalankala nezinye izinhlobo zasolwandle ezithembele ezixhobo zamakhorali ukuze zithole indawo yokuhlala nokudla.Ukunciphisa izinga lama-coral ukufiphala okubangelwa ukufudumala kolwandle, abanye ososayensi babheke esibhakabhakeni ukuze bathole isisombululo.Ngokuqondile, babheka ifu.
Amafu aletha okungaphezu nje kwemvula noma iqhwa.Emini, amafu asebenza njengamapharasoli amakhulu, abonisa okunye ukukhanya kwelanga okuvela eMhlabeni abuyele emkhathini.Amafu e-marine stratocumulus abaluleke kakhulu: asendaweni ephansi, agqinsi futhi amboze cishe ngama-20. amaphesenti olwandle olushisayo, apholisa amanzi angaphansi.Yingakho ososayensi behlola ukuthi izakhiwo zabo ezingokomzimba zingashintshwa yini ukuze kuvinjwe ukukhanya kwelanga okwengeziwe.Ku-Great Barrier Reef, kwethenjwa ukuthi kuyonikezwa usizo oludingeka kakhulu emakoloni amakhorali phakathi ama-heatwaves avame ukuvama.Kodwa kukhona namaphrojekthi ahloselwe ukupholisa umhlaba wonke aphikisana kakhulu.
Umqondo osekelwe kulo mqondo ulula: dubula inani elikhulu lama-aerosol emafwini ngaphezu kolwandle ukuze kwandiswe ukukhanya kwawo.Ososayensi sekungamashumi eminyaka bazi ukuthi izinhlayiya emizileni yokungcola eshiywa imikhumbi, ebukeka njengemizila engemuva kwezindiza, ingakhanyisa ezikhona. amafu.Lokho kungenxa yokuthi lezi zinhlayiya zidala imbewu yamaconsi amafu;ngokuya ngokuba mancane kwamaconsi efu, kuba mhlophe nangcono ikhono lefu lokubonisa ukukhanya kwelanga ngaphambi kokuba lishaye futhi lishise Umhlaba.
Yebo, ukudubula ama-aerosol okungcola kube amafu akubona ubuchwepheshe obufanele bokuxazulula inkinga yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.Isazi sefiziksi saseBrithani esingasekho uJohn Latham sasihlongoze ngo-1990 ukuthi kusetshenziswe amakristalu kasawoti aphuma emanzini olwandle ahwamukayo esikhundleni salokho.Ulwandle luningi, lumnene, futhi ikakhulukazi. khulula.Uzakwabo uStephen Salter, uprofesa ophuma emsebenzini wobunjiniyela nokuklama eNyuvesi yase-Edinburgh, wabe esephakamisa ukuthi kuthunyelwe uxhaxha lwezikebhe ezilawulwa kude ezingaba ngu-1,500 ezazizohamba olwandle, zimunce amanzi futhi zifafaze inkungu emafwini ukuze zenze amafu. kukhanya kakhulu.Njengoba ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kuqhubeka nokukhuphuka, kanjalo nesithakazelo esiphakamisweni esingajwayelekile sika-Latham noSalter.Kusukela ngo-2006, laba ababili bebesebenzisana nochwepheshe abangaba ngu-20 baseNyuvesi yaseWashington, PARC nezinye izikhungo njengengxenye ye-Oceanic Cloud Brightening Project. (MCBP).Ithimba lephrojekthi manje liyaphenya ukuthi ingabe ukwengeza usawoti olwandle ngamabomu emafini aphansi, athambile e-stratocumulus ngaphezu kolwandle kungaba nomthelela wokupholisa emhlabeni.
Amafu abonakala ethambekele ekukhanyeni ogwini olusentshonalanga yeNyakatho neNingizimu Melika nasenkabeni naseningizimu ye-Afrika, kusho uSarah Doherty, usosayensi womoya eNyuvesi yaseWashington eSeattle ophethe i-MCBP kusukela ngo-2018. olwandle lapho umswakama uqoqa eduze kwezinhlamvu zikasawoti, kodwa ukwengeza usawoti omncane kuzo kungakhuphula amandla abonisayo amafu.Ukukhanyisa ikhava enkulu yamafu phezu kwalezi zindawo ezifanele ngo-5% kungapholisa ingxenye enkulu yomhlaba, kusho u-Doherty.Okungenani yilokho ukulingiswa kwekhompiyutha kuyasikisela.”Izifundo zethu zasensimini zokujikijela izinhlayiya zikasawoti wasolwandle emafwini ngesilinganiso esincane kakhulu zizosiza ekutholeni ukuqonda okujulile kwezinqubo ezibalulekile zomzimba ezingaholela kumamodeli athuthukisiwe, "kusho yena.Ukuhlolwa okuncane kwedivayisi ye-prototype. zazihlelelwe ukuthi ziqale ngo-2016 esizeni esiseduze neMonterey Bay, California, kodwa zibambezelekile ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali kanye nokuphikisa komphakathi komthelela ongaba khona kwezemvelo.
"Asihloli ngokuqondile ukukhanya kwamafu olwandle kwanoma yisiphi isikali esithinta isimo sezulu." Nokho, abagxeki, kuhlanganise namaqembu emvelo kanye namaqembu alwela amalungelo afana neCarnegie Climate Governance Initiative, bakhathazeka ngokuthi ngisho nokuhlola okuncane kungase kuthinte umhlaba wonke ngokungazi. Isimo sezulu ngenxa yesimo saso esiyinkimbinkimbi.” Umbono wokuthi lokhu ungakwenza ngezinga lesifunda futhi ngezinga elilinganiselwe ucishe ube yiphutha, ngoba umkhathi nolwandle bekungenisa ukushisa kwenye indawo,” kusho uRay Pierre Humbert, uprofesa we physics at the University of Oxford.Kukhona nezinselelo zobuchwepheshe.Ukwakha isifutho esingakhanyisa amafu ngendlela enokwethenjelwa akuwona umsebenzi olula, njengoba amanzi olwandle ejwayele ukugcwala njengoba usawoti wanda.Ukubhekana nale nselelo, i-MCBP yacela usizo luka-Armand Neukermans, i umsunguli wephrinta yokuqala ye-inkjet, owasebenza e-Hewlett-Packard nase-Xerox waze wathatha umhlalaphansi. Ngoxhaso lwezezimali luka-Bill Gates kanye nabanye omakadebona bemboni yezobuchwepheshe, i-Neukmans manje isiklama imibhobho engaqhumisa amaconsi amanzi anosawoti anosayizi ofanele (ama-nanometer angu-120 kuya kwangu-400. ububanzi) emkhathini.
Njengoba ithimba le-MCBP lilungiselela ukuhlolwa kwangaphandle, ithimba lososayensi base-Australia lilungise isibonelo sangaphambi kwesikhathi somlomo we-MCBP futhi sayihlola nge-Great Barrier Reef.I-Australia ibe nokufudumala okungu-1.4°C kusukela ngo-1910, okudlula isilinganiso somhlaba esingu-1.1° C, kanye neGreat Barrier Reef ilahlekelwe ngaphezu kwengxenye yamakhorali ayo ngenxa yokufudumala kolwandle.
Ukukhanya kwamafu kunganikeza ukusekelwa okuthile kwezixhobo zezixhobo zasemanzini kanye nezakhamuzi zazo.Ukufeza lokhu, unjiniyela wezolwandle ongunjiniyela waseSouthern Cross University uDaniel Harrison kanye nethimba lakhe bafakela umkhumbi wocwaningo izinjini zokumpompa amanzi aphume olwandle.Ngokufana neqhwa leqhwa, umshini womoya ukhipha amanzi. futhi iqhumisa izigidigidi zamaconsi amancane emoyeni ngemibhobho yawo engu-320. Amaconsi omile emoyeni, ashiye ngemuva amanzi anosawoti, axutshwa namafu e-stratocumulus asezingeni eliphansi.
Ukuhlolwa komqondo weqembu ngoMashi 2020 nango-2021 - lapho amakhorali esengozini enkulu yokuba mhlophe ekupheleni kwehlobo lase-Australia - ayemancane kakhulu ukuthi angashintsha kakhulu ukumbozwa kwamafu. Noma kunjalo, uHarrison wamangala ijubane Kwashunqa intuthu esibhakabhakeni. Ithimba lakhe landizisa ama-drones ahlome ngezinsimbi ezifika kumamitha angu-500 ukuphakama ukuze abonise ukunyakaza kwepayipi. Kulo nyaka, indiza izovala amamitha ambalwa asele ukuze ihlole noma yikuphi ukusabela emafini angaphezu kwamamitha angu-500.
Ithimba lizophinde lisebenzise amasampula omoya emkhunjini wesibili wocwaningo kanye naseziteshini zesimo sezulu ezixhotsheni zamakhorali nasogwini ukuze lifunde ukuthi izinhlayiya namafu kuhlangana kanjani ngokwemvelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe amamodeli awo.” Khona-ke singaqala ukubheka ukuthi amafu akhanya kanjani, uma kwenziwa ngezinga elikhulu. , ingase ithinte ulwandle ngezindlela ezifiselekayo nezingalindelekile,” kusho uHarrison.
Ngokokumodela okwenziwa ithimba lika-Harrison, ukunciphisa ukukhanya okungaphezu kolwandle cishe ngo-6% kuzonciphisa izinga lokushisa lezixhobo eshalofini eliphakathi le-Great Barrier Reef ngokulingana no-0.6°C.Ukukhuphula ubuchwepheshe ukuze kuhlanganiswe konke. izixhobo—iGreat Barrier Reef yakhiwe amadwala angaphezu kuka-2,900 aqhele ngamakhilomitha angu-2,300 ukunqamula—kuyoba inselele yezokusebenza, kusho uHarrison, njengoba kuzodinga ukuthi iziteshi zokufutha ezingaba ngu-800 zisebenze izinyanga ngaphambi kokuba kulindelwe amagagasi aphezulu.I-Great Barrier Reef inkulu kangangokuthi ingabonakala emkhathini, kodwa ihlanganisa kuphela u-0.07% wobuso bomhlaba.U-Harrison uvumile ukuthi kunezingozi ezingase zibe khona kule ndlela entsha edinga ukuqondwa kangcono.Ukukhanya kwamafu, okungaphazamisa amafu noma kushintshe indawo isimo sezulu kanye nendlela yokuna kwemvula, nakho kuyinkinga enkulu nge-cloud seeding.Kuyindlela ehlanganisa izindiza noma ama-drones engeza amashaji kagesi noma amakhemikhali afana ne-iodide esiliva emafwini ukuze akhiqize imvula.I-United Arab Emirates ne-China bazame ubuchwepheshe bokubhekana nokushisa. noma ukunukubezeka komoya.Kodwa lezi zinyathelo zinempikiswano enkulu - abaningi bazibheka njengeziyingozi kakhulu.Ukutshala nokukhanyisa amafu kuphakathi kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukungenelela “kwe-geoengineering”.Abagxeki bathi kuyingozi kakhulu noma kuyisiphazamiso ekwehliseni ukungcola.
Ngo-2015, isazi sefiziksi uPierrehumbert sabhala ngokuhlanganyela umbiko woMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wocwaningo mayelana nokungenelela kwesimo sezulu, exwayisa ngezinkinga zezombusazwe nezokuphatha. tshala izigidi ezingu-200 zamaRandi ocwaningweni.UPierrehumbert wamukele ucwaningo lokukhanya kwamafu olwandle kodwa wathola izinkinga ngemishini yokufufaza eyakhiwe njengengxenye yocwaningo oluqhubekayo.Ubuchwepheshe bungaphuma esandleni, esho.”Ososayensi abathi abuyithatheli indawo yegesi ukulawula, akubona abazokwenza izinqumo.”Uhulumeni wase-Australia wagxekwa kakhulu ngokungenzi lutho ukubhekana nenkinga yesimo sezulu kanye nokuthembela kwakhe ekuphehlisweni kukagesi wamalahle, ubona amandla okukhanya kwamafu olwandle. ucwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nokuhlolwa kokungenelela okungaphezu kuka-30, okuhlanganisa nokukhanya kwamafu olwandle .Nakuba izinyathelo ezinkulu zokutshala izimali ezifana no-Yun Zengliang zisaphikisana.Amaqembu emvelo aphikisana ngokuthi lokhu kungase kubangele izingozi zemvelo futhi kuphazamise imizamo yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa.
Kodwa noma ngabe ukukhanya kwamafu kubonakala kusebenza kahle, uHarrison akacabangi ukuthi kuzoba yisixazululo sesikhathi eside sokusindisa iGreat Barrier Reef.” Amafu akhanyayo angaletha ukupholisa okulinganiselwe kuphela, ”kusho yena, kanye nenhlekelele yesimo sezulu okungenzeka ibe yimbi kakhulu, imiphumela yanoma yikuphi ukukhanya izonqotshwa maduzane. Kunalokho, uHarrison uthi, inhloso iwukuthenga isikhathi kuyilapho amazwe ehlisa intuthu ekhishwayo.” Sekwephuze kakhulu ukwethemba ukuthi singanciphisa ngokushesha ukungcola ukuze songe izixhobo zamakhorali ngaphandle kokungenelela.”
Ukuzuza ukukhishwa kwe-net-zero ngo-2050 kuzodinga izixazululo ezintsha emhlabeni wonke.Kulolu chungechunge, i-Wired, ngokubambisana ne-Rolex Forever Planet isinyathelo, igqamisa abantu nemiphakathi esebenza ukuxazulula ezinye zezinselele zethu zemvelo ezicindezela kakhulu. ubambiswano ne-Rolex, kodwa konke okuqukethwe kuzimele ngokohlelo.funda kabanzi.